How does a urinary tract infection occur?

More than half of all women will develop a urinary tract infection—also known as cystitis—at least once in their lifetime. Furthermore, half of all women who have had an acute urinary tract infection will develop another one within a year.

A urinary tract infection is an inflammation of the urinary tract. In addition to the urethra and the ureters, this includes the bladder. A distinction must be made between most uncomplicated infections and chronic or complicated infections. Women are generally more prone to bladder infections than men. This is due to anatomical factors. Their urethra is shorter, so that pathogens—especially bacteria from the body’s own intestinal flora—have a much shorter path to the bladder, where they trigger inflammation. Furthermore, in women, the urethra and the anus—the source of most bacteria—are located closer together.

Causes of a urinary tract infection

Several factors, such as hormonal changes, insufficient fluid intake, improper intimate hygiene, or sexual intercourse, can increase the risk of developing a urinary tract infection.

Hormonal changes

Puberty, pregnancy, menopause, or the time before menstruation—hormonal fluctuations are a particularly common cause of bladder infections. Hormonal imbalances, such as those that occur before a period, cause the mucous membranes to thin and alter the vaginal flora. This makes it easier for bacteria to colonize the area and travel up into the bladder.
Uterine prolapse, advanced pregnancy, or residual urine in the bladder can also prevent bacteria from being completely flushed out, potentially leading to infections. If you frequently experience bladder infections due to hormonal changes, you should discuss this with your gynecologist. Bladder infections during menopause can be prevented with vaginal hormone therapy. If cystitis occurs during pregnancy, medical treatment is definitely required.

Inadequate fluid intake

Drinking more fluids leads to frequent urination. This helps flush out pathogens regularly. On the other hand, not drinking enough fluids during the day causes pathogens to remain in the urinary tract longer, thereby increasing the risk of a urinary tract infection.

Improper hygiene in the genital area

Excessive intimate hygiene can damage the vaginal flora, which acts as a natural barrier against pathogens. Wiping in the wrong direction in the genital area can also make it easier for germs to enter the urethra.

Active sex life

Frequent sexual intercourse can also increase the risk of a urinary tract infection. This is sometimes colloquially referred to as “honeymoon cystitis.”

Weakened immune system

The presence of germs does not necessarily mean that an infection will develop. The body’s own immune system is perfectly capable of keeping bacteria in check, preventing their numbers from growing too large. However, if the immune system is weakened, an infection can develop much more quickly. Chronic illnesses, diabetes, as well as lack of sleep and stress, among other factors, place a heavy strain on the body and can lead to a weakened immune system. Pathogens that cause bladder infections have an easier time in such cases.

Other factors that can contribute to a urinary tract infection include exposure to cold (e.g., sitting on a cold stone floor), wearing wet swimwear, taking certain medications, estrogen deficiency during and after menopause, or diabetes mellitus.

How can I tell if I have a urinary tract infection?

Common symptoms of a bladder infection include a frequent urge to urinate, as well as a burning sensation and pain when urinating. Cramping pain in the lower abdomen and a change in the odor of urine can also indicate a urinary tract infection. If you have a fever or blood in your urine, you should see a doctor immediately.

Overview of Symptoms

• Frequent urge to urinate
• Pain when urinating
• Burning sensation when urinating
• Difficulty emptying the bladder
• Cramping pain in the lower abdomen (bladder cramps)
• Frequent urination with small amounts of urine (only a few drops come out despite a strong urge to urinate)
• Strong smell of urine
• Cloudy urine (purulent discharge)
• Blood in the urine
• Incontinence
• Fever and a general feeling of being unwell

If you think you might have a bladder infection, please consult your family doctor for advice and treatment. In the meantime, plenty of warm herbal tea and a hot water bottle can help.